Research is already underway to find more healthy and environmentally friendly outlets here , here. The U. This article was produced by the Reuters Fact Check team. Reuters Fact Check Updated. Figure 2 Examples of the three types of high-level anthropic clouds. The top right picture shows an anthropoCirrostratus, formed from the dispersion of ice crystals from many contrails, in the areas where the sky has a uniformly white colour, as in a large section of the bottom right third of the picture El Bruc, Barcelona, September The bottom right picture shows an anthropoCirrocumulus and anthropoCirrostratus refracting sunlight which gives them the «rainbow» colours shown in the image Viladecans, Barcelona, December Consequently, the fact that on some days more examples of aircraft trails are visible depends only on the air temperature and humidity conditions at the altitude at which the planes are flying.
Argument 3: Sometimes two aircraft can be seen, only one of which is leaving a trail behind. Indeed, it is not uncommon to see two aircraft crossing the sky simultaneously, one of them leaving a trail while the other one does not. The scientific explanation for this is that the two aircraft are flying at different atmospheric levels altitude.
Mazon and Pino proved this with a numerical simulation using the WRF-ARW mesoscale weather research and forecasting model to analyse the atmospheric conditions on a day when almost the entire Catalan coast was covered by contrails. Throughout the morning, the aircraft trails spread instead of disappearing; around noon, they covered the sky. Figure 3 shows a photograph taken in Barcelona at UTC 1 p. Figure 4 left panel shows the domains covered by the numerical simulation, and the extension of domain 3 right panel in which line AB indicates the direction of the vertical cross sections of the atmosphere used for the temperature and humidity analysis.
Figure 4 Domains defined for the numerical simulation left panel , and domain 3, in which line AB indicates the direction of the vertical cross sections right panel, in kilometres. Figure 5 shows the vertical cross section along the line AB in Figure 4 right panel of the humidity relative to the ice in colours and air temperature dashed lines at UTC on the day in question.
If humid air from the combustion of kerosene is introduced at this level, it could lead to the saturation and deposition of water vapour. The humidity contribution from combustion-derived water crystals required at these levels would be much higher, so saturation would not be as fast.
Figure 5 Vertical cross-section along the line AB shown in Figure 4 , showing the relative humidity compared to the ice in colours and air temperature dashed lines at UTC 1 p. Finally, it is important to point out that from the surface it is not easy to estimate the altitude of a given aircraft or discern whether two are flying at the same level. Therefore, in view of the data in Figure 5 , if two aircraft are flying with a vertical separation of 1, metres, one will produce a contrail that may remain in the sky for hours while the other one will not.
Argument 4: Interrupted chemtrails often appear: they are not a continuous structure. The atmospheric conditions in which the ice crystals that form contrails are found can change both in time and space. The numerical simulation performed to describe the atmospheric conditions on 21 September described above allows us to identify a great variability in the areas of humidity that are more or less favourable to contrail permanence a few hours before and after UTC.
Figure 6 shows the horizontal distribution of humidity at 9, metres left panel and the vertical profile of relative humidity and temperature along line AB right panel at UTC 4 a. Figure 6 Relative humidity with respect to the ice in domain 3 at 9, metres high left panel and vertical cross section of the relative humidity with respect to the ice in colours and temperature dashed lines following line AB shown in Figure 3 at UTC 4 a. The most common aircraft cruise altitude is around 30, feet about 9, metres.
Aircraft routes tend to be well defined, and to follow a specific direction and flight level, but they are not accurate. This can lead to contrails looking as if they were parallel or secant lines when conditions favour their appearance. On the other hand, cruising aircraft usually move at the limit between the troposphere and the stratosphere, where clear-air turbulence CAT occurs. This type of turbulence originates from waves in jet streams, persistent air streams located around 10—12 kilometres high, moving eastward at mid-height latitudes.
This wave causes wind shear and the emergence of turbulence, which can explain some of the strange shapes contrails sometimes adopt. In addition to CAT, wind shears produced between the two atmospheric levels can make air move differently between them, causing the air and the ice crystals in the contrails to move irregularly and causing them to take apparently strange shapes. Argument 6: Toxic and anomalous smells and substances associated with chemtrails are detected at ground level.
Pseudoscience reporters claim to have detected aluminium, barium, and strontium as well as unusual bacteria in the soil, along with the presence of a chemical smell, below the chemtrails they observe in the sky. No scientific evidence supports these assertions, and no scientific publication has provided any evidence for these alleged changes in soil composition.
Of the 77 scientists interviewed by Shearer et al. In addition, any hypothetical chemical emission from high altitudes would not immediately reach the ground and, in any case, these elements would reach the ground as oxides which are sometimes already abundant in the soil. Thus, proof that they originated in the sky would still be required. Every major argument made by the advocates of the existence of chemtrails and their associated conspiracy theories can be rebutted with facts about the physical processes involved in the formation of high-level clouds derived from jet aircraft.
Despite having an anthropogenic origin, these clouds are made of ice crystals or suffused drops, just like natural clouds. There is evidence of the formation of condensation trails since the time aircraft started flying in the middle or high layers of the troposphere; i.
The temperature and humidity conditions of the layers in which aircraft fly allow us to predict the formation or absence of contrails, to explain the fact that they only appear at certain levels and their discontinuous appearance.
Moreover, the atmospheric dynamics at the altitudes that commercial airliners usually fly at allows us to explain the irregular shapes that contrails sometimes adopt. Furthermore, there is no evidence for a cause-effect relationship in the detection of chemicals in the ground when contrails occur at high levels.
Appleman, H. The formation of exhaust condensation trails by jet aircraft. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 34, 14— Brewer, A. Condensation trails. Weather, 1 , 34— Ettenreich, R. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 36 , — Gierens, K. Numerical simulations of persistent contrails.
He told the New York Times he knows of only two instances where one of the most controversial proposals has been tested in the field. It's called solar geo-engineering and involves atmospheric aerosol injection of tiny reflective particles to reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the earth and thus cool the planet.
Similarly, successful weather modification efforts have been localised - and certainly not on the grand scale some conspiracy theorists claim. Nonetheless, "chemtrail" and geo-engineering conspiracy theorists flood social media with speculation, questions and images of contrail cross-hatched skies. Suzanne says she first became aware of the subject six years ago. It was a very young girl, she wasn't even ten years old. She talked about the spraying going on in our skies and the fact she was so sad because she didn't want to go outside and the skies were no longer blue and we were being sprayed.
Why would such a young child be sharing this information if it wasn't truthful? This awakening truly changed my life," she says. She runs a closed group on Facebook, where around 5, fellow believers can discuss the theory, as well as raising money to buy billboard advertising.
She closely vets the group's members. Closed groups of like-minded people - the type common on social media and the internet - are one of the big reasons why conspiracy theories solidify online. Professor Karen Douglas, from the University of Kent, researches the psychology of conspiracy theories.
And they read information which confirms what they believe. People tend to share it with people who kind of think the same way as they do about these issues in the first place," she says. Russ Tanner runs what he claims is the largest "chemtrails" group on Facebook - Chemtrails Global Skywatch - which has more than , members.
He calls so-called chemtrails "the largest crime against humanity in history". In a post typical of the paranoia among conspiracy theorists, one of the memes he's posted in his group asks if chemtrails are "the modern implementation of eugenics and forced depopulation". It causes me physical symptoms. I taste and smell it. It burns my sinuses, causes inflammation, rises in blood pressure, stomach issues and headaches.
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